[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":845},["ShallowReactive",2],{"category-程序人生":3,"sidebar-posts":4},[],[5],{"id":6,"title":7,"body":8,"category":829,"cover":830,"description":184,"extension":831,"meta":832,"navigation":833,"path":834,"pinned":835,"publishedAt":836,"seo":837,"slug":838,"stem":839,"summary":840,"tags":841,"updatedAt":836,"visible":833,"__hash__":844},"posts\u002Fposts\u002F20260717\u002Fpython-environment-installation.md","第一章：Python 环境安装",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":805},"minimark",[11,15,19,22,30,33,36,76,92,96,101,112,117,123,143,149,154,160,164,220,223,229,235,238,269,314,331,345,355,359,370,386,389,397,402,405,423,433,454,458,462,465,477,484,488,503,510,514,517,538,544,548,551,555,558,578,581,585,588,622,625,644,647,668,673,677,680,700,703,706,710,717,732,735,739,742,752,763,767,770,785,801],[12,13,14],"h2",{"id":14},"引言",[16,17,18],"p",{},"这一节面向 Python 初学者，介绍在 Windows、macOS、Linux 三个平台上安装 Python 解释器的方法。",[16,20,21],{},"学习 Python 的第一步，就是先准备好一个能运行代码的环境。在这之前，你写的任何代码都没办法跑起来，所以这一步非常关键。",[16,23,24,25,29],{},"安装完成后，我们会打开终端，输入一条命令验证 Python 是否安装成功，同时确认 ",[26,27,28],"code",{},"pip"," 这个包管理工具也能正常使用——后续安装各种库，都要靠它来完成。",[12,31,32],{"id":32},"扫盲",[16,34,35],{},"那么这里有几个概念：",[37,38,39,42],"blockquote",{},[16,40,41],{},"为什么需要安装python解释器？",[37,43,44,55,58,66,69],{},[16,45,46,47,50,51,54],{},"我们写的代码，电脑其实看不懂，电脑只认识",[26,48,49],{},"0","和",[26,52,53],{},"1","组成的机器指令。",[16,56,57],{},"那么python解释器的作用就是充当中间的翻译官，当我们在电脑上运行python代码，python解释器充当翻译官，当我们执行脚本，翻译官就会将python代码翻译成机器的0和1。",[16,59,60,61,65],{},"这样，我们就能用",[62,63,64],"strong",{},"人类能读懂的语言","来写代码，再由 Python 这个翻译官，把它翻译成机器能听懂的指令去执行——我们和计算机之间的\"语言障碍\"，就这么被解决了。",[16,67,68],{},"相当于我们的电脑要打开表格，需要安装excel。",[16,70,71],{},[72,73],"img",{"alt":74,"src":75},"图1","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717161622-%E5%9B%BE1.png",[37,77,78,81],{},[16,79,80],{},"pip又是什么？",[37,82,83,86],{},[16,84,85],{},"pip相当于插件市场，python除了我们自己写代码，还可以下载别人的代码库，来直接调用别人写好的优秀的方法。比如安装了requests库，未来我们就可以用程序模拟浏览器去访问网页。",[16,87,88],{},[72,89],{"alt":90,"src":91},"图2","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717172846-%E5%9B%BE2.png",[12,93,95],{"id":94},"windows-安装","Windows 安装",[97,98,100],"h3",{"id":99},"_1-下载官方安装程序","1. 下载官方安装程序",[16,102,103,104,111],{},"打开 ",[105,106,110],"a",{"href":107,"rel":108},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.python.org\u002Fdownloads\u002Fwindows\u002F",[109],"nofollow","Python Windows 下载页","，选择当前稳定版对应的 Windows installer：",[37,113,114],{},[16,115,116],{},"本次以 Python 3 稳定版下载流程为准。Python 官网会持续更新补丁版本，安装时选择下载页当前提供的最新 Python 3 稳定版即可",[16,118,119],{},[72,120],{"alt":121,"src":122},"Python Windows 下载页面","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717123049-image.png",[124,125,126,134,140],"ul",{},[127,128,129,130,133],"li",{},"大多数 Intel 或 AMD 处理器的电脑选择 ",[62,131,132],{},"Windows installer (64-bit)","。",[127,135,136,137,133],{},"搭载 ARM 处理器的 Windows 设备选择 ",[62,138,139],{},"Windows installer (ARM64)",[127,141,142],{},"只有明确使用 32 位 Windows 时才选择 32 位安装程序。",[16,144,145],{},[72,146],{"alt":147,"src":148},"Windows 安装程序类型","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717120221-image.png",[37,150,151],{},[16,152,153],{},"我的电脑是 64 位，所以下载 Windows installer (64-bit)。",[16,155,156],{},[72,157],{"alt":158,"src":159},"Windows 64 位安装程序下载入口","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717120550-image.png",[97,161,163],{"id":162},"_2-安装并加入-path","2. 安装并加入 PATH",[37,165,166,171,178,213],{},[37,167,168],{},[16,169,170],{},"PATH 环境变量",[16,172,173,174,177],{},"Windows 有一个特殊的变量叫 ",[62,175,176],{},"PATH","，它里面存了一串文件夹路径，比如：",[179,180,185],"pre",{"className":181,"code":182,"language":183,"meta":184,"style":184},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-dark","D:\\Python313\\\nD:\\Python313\\Scripts\\\nC:\\Windows\\System32\\\n...\n","python","",[26,186,187,195,201,207],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,189,192],"span",{"class":190,"line":191},"line",1,[188,193,194],{},"D:\\Python313\\\n",[188,196,198],{"class":190,"line":197},2,[188,199,200],{},"D:\\Python313\\Scripts\\\n",[188,202,204],{"class":190,"line":203},3,[188,205,206],{},"C:\\Windows\\System32\\\n",[188,208,210],{"class":190,"line":209},4,[188,211,212],{},"...\n",[16,214,215,216,219],{},"我们每次在终端输一个命令，Windows 就拿着这个名字，",[62,217,218],{},"挨个去 PATH 里的文件夹翻","，找到了就执行，找不到就报错。",[16,221,222],{},"双击下载的安装程序。在安装界面中，勾选 底部两个选项，然后选择自定义安装。",[16,224,225,226,228],{},"PATH 是系统查找可执行程序时使用的一组目录。勾选后，Windows 才能在新的终端窗口中直接找到 ",[26,227,183],{}," 命令。不同 Python 安装器的界面文字可能略有差异，但目标都是让 Python 命令进入 PATH。",[16,230,231],{},[72,232],{"alt":233,"src":234},"未命名","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717154915-%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D.png",[16,236,237],{},"对安装界面最底部的两个勾选项分别解释 :",[37,239,240,243,248],{},[16,241,242],{},"Add python.exe to PATH",[16,244,245],{},[62,246,247],{},"把 Python 添加到系统环境变量",[37,249,250,256,262],{},[16,251,252,253,255],{},"勾选后，你可以在命令行任意位置直接输入 ",[26,254,183],{}," 就能运行",[16,257,258,259,261],{},"不勾选的话，命令行输入 ",[26,260,183],{}," 会提示**\"找不到命令\"**，非常麻烦",[16,263,264,265,268],{},"必须",[62,266,267],{},"勾选","，这是最重要的一个选项，新手最容易忘记打勾",[37,270,271,274,279],{},[16,272,273],{},"Use admin privileges when installing py.exe",[16,275,276],{},[62,277,278],{},"使用管理员权限安装 py.exe（Python 启动器）",[37,280,281,291,305,308],{},[16,282,283,286,287,290],{},[26,284,285],{},"py.exe"," 是 Windows 专属的 Python 启动器，可以让你在命令行输入 ",[26,288,289],{},"py"," 来启动 Python。",[16,292,293,294,296,297,300,301,304],{},"勾选后，",[26,295,285],{}," 会安装到",[62,298,299],{},"系统级目录","，电脑上",[62,302,303],{},"所有用户账户","都能用",[16,306,307],{},"不勾选，只有当前用户能用",[16,309,310,313],{},[62,311,312],{},"建议勾选","，权限更完整，避免后续出现奇怪的权限问题",[37,315,316,319],{},[16,317,318],{},"操作建议",[37,320,321,328],{},[16,322,323,324,327],{},"两个都勾上之后，再点 ",[62,325,326],{},"\"Customize installation\""," 去修改安装路径到 D 盘，不要直接点 \"Install Now\"，否则会装到 C 盘。",[16,329,330],{},"系统文件归 C 盘，自己装的软件和项目归 D 盘，分类清晰，以后管理方便。",[37,332,333,339],{},[16,334,335,336],{},"Python 安装的",[62,337,338],{},"可选功能页",[16,340,341],{},[72,342],{"alt":343,"src":344},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717161424-image.png",[37,346,347,350],{},[16,348,349],{},"高级选项页",[16,351,352],{},[72,353],{"alt":343,"src":354},"https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717161340-image.png",[97,356,358],{"id":357},"_3-检查-windows-环境","3. 检查 Windows 环境",[16,360,361,362,365,366,369],{},"按 ",[26,363,364],{},"Win + R","，输入 ",[26,367,368],{},"cmd"," 并回车，然后执行：",[179,371,375],{"className":372,"code":373,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-dark","python --version\n","bash",[26,376,377],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,378,379,382],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,380,183],{"class":381},"svObZ",[188,383,385],{"class":384},"sDLfK"," --version\n",[16,387,388],{},"正常情况下会看到类似下面的输出，具体补丁版本以实际安装结果为准：",[179,390,395],{"className":391,"code":393,"language":394,"meta":184},[392],"language-text","Python 3.x.x\n","text",[26,396,393],{"__ignoreMap":184},[16,398,399],{},[72,400],{"alt":343,"src":401},"https:\u002F\u002Fzhengzaihun-utools-test1.tos-cn-beijing.volces.com\u002F20260717\u002F20260717155647-image.png",[16,403,404],{},"继续检查 pip：",[179,406,408],{"className":372,"code":407,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"python -m pip --version\n",[26,409,410],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,411,412,414,417,421],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,413,183],{"class":381},[188,415,416],{"class":384}," -m",[188,418,420],{"class":419},"sU2Wk"," pip",[188,422,385],{"class":384},[16,424,425,426,428,429,432],{},"如果 ",[26,427,183],{}," 无法识别，但 ",[26,430,431],{},"py --version"," 可以输出版本号，后续也可以使用 Windows Python Launcher：",[179,434,436],{"className":372,"code":435,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"py --version\npy -m pip --version\n",[26,437,438,444],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,439,440,442],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,441,289],{"class":381},[188,443,385],{"class":384},[188,445,446,448,450,452],{"class":190,"line":197},[188,447,289],{"class":381},[188,449,416],{"class":384},[188,451,420],{"class":419},[188,453,385],{"class":384},[12,455,457],{"id":456},"macos-安装","macOS 安装",[97,459,461],{"id":460},"_1-先检查现有环境","1. 先检查现有环境",[16,463,464],{},"打开“终端”应用，执行：",[179,466,468],{"className":372,"code":467,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"python3 --version\n",[26,469,470],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,471,472,475],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,473,474],{"class":381},"python3",[188,476,385],{"class":384},[16,478,479,480,483],{},"如果已经输出符合学习要求的 Python 3 版本，可以继续执行 ",[26,481,482],{},"python3 -m pip --version","。两条命令都正常时，无需重复安装。",[97,485,487],{"id":486},"_2-下载-macos-官方安装包","2. 下载 macOS 官方安装包",[16,489,103,490,495,496,133,499,502],{},[105,491,494],{"href":492,"rel":493},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.python.org\u002Fdownloads\u002Fmacos\u002F",[109],"Python macOS 下载页","，下载当前稳定版的 ",[62,497,498],{},"macOS 64-bit universal2 installer",[26,500,501],{},"universal2"," 安装包同时支持 Apple 芯片和 Intel 芯片 Mac。",[16,504,505,506,509],{},"下载完成后打开 ",[26,507,508],{},".pkg"," 文件，按照安装器提示完成安装。使用官网安装包时，系统可能要求输入当前 macOS 用户的登录密码，用于授权写入系统级安装目录。",[97,511,513],{"id":512},"_3-检查-macos-环境","3. 检查 macOS 环境",[16,515,516],{},"安装完成后重新打开终端，执行：",[179,518,520],{"className":372,"code":519,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"python3 --version\npython3 -m pip --version\n",[26,521,522,528],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,523,524,526],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,525,474],{"class":381},[188,527,385],{"class":384},[188,529,530,532,534,536],{"class":190,"line":197},[188,531,474],{"class":381},[188,533,416],{"class":384},[188,535,420],{"class":419},[188,537,385],{"class":384},[16,539,540,541,543],{},"正常情况下，两条命令都会显示版本信息。macOS 中建议始终使用 ",[26,542,474],{},"，不要为了缩短命令而修改或覆盖系统自带工具。",[12,545,547],{"id":546},"linux-安装","Linux 安装",[16,549,550],{},"Linux 发行版通常通过系统包管理器维护 Python。仓库中的版本可能落后于 Python 官网的最新补丁版，但会与当前系统的软件依赖和安全更新保持一致。对于本系列的入门代码，优先使用发行版仓库版本，安装和维护都更稳妥。",[97,552,554],{"id":553},"_1-检查是否已经安装","1. 检查是否已经安装",[16,556,557],{},"打开终端，执行：",[179,559,560],{"className":372,"code":519,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},[26,561,562,568],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,563,564,566],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,565,474],{"class":381},[188,567,385],{"class":384},[188,569,570,572,574,576],{"class":190,"line":197},[188,571,474],{"class":381},[188,573,416],{"class":384},[188,575,420],{"class":419},[188,577,385],{"class":384},[16,579,580],{},"不少 Linux 系统已经包含 Python 3。如果第一条命令有输出、第二条命令提示没有 pip，只安装 pip 和虚拟环境支持即可。",[97,582,584],{"id":583},"_2-使用发行版包管理器安装","2. 使用发行版包管理器安装",[16,586,587],{},"Ubuntu 或 Debian：",[179,589,591],{"className":372,"code":590,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"sudo apt update\nsudo apt install python3 python3-pip python3-venv\n",[26,592,593,604],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,594,595,598,601],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,596,597],{"class":381},"sudo",[188,599,600],{"class":419}," apt",[188,602,603],{"class":419}," update\n",[188,605,606,608,610,613,616,619],{"class":190,"line":197},[188,607,597],{"class":381},[188,609,600],{"class":419},[188,611,612],{"class":419}," install",[188,614,615],{"class":419}," python3",[188,617,618],{"class":419}," python3-pip",[188,620,621],{"class":419}," python3-venv\n",[16,623,624],{},"Fedora：",[179,626,628],{"className":372,"code":627,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"sudo dnf install python3 python3-pip\n",[26,629,630],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,631,632,634,637,639,641],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,633,597],{"class":381},[188,635,636],{"class":419}," dnf",[188,638,612],{"class":419},[188,640,615],{"class":419},[188,642,643],{"class":419}," python3-pip\n",[16,645,646],{},"Arch Linux：",[179,648,650],{"className":372,"code":649,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"sudo pacman -S python python-pip\n",[26,651,652],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,653,654,656,659,662,665],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,655,597],{"class":381},[188,657,658],{"class":419}," pacman",[188,660,661],{"class":384}," -S",[188,663,664],{"class":419}," python",[188,666,667],{"class":419}," python-pip\n",[16,669,670,672],{},[26,671,597],{}," 会要求输入当前 Linux 用户的密码。执行前应确认该用户具备管理员权限，不要从来历不明的网页复制带有删除或覆盖操作的命令。",[97,674,676],{"id":675},"_3-检查-linux-环境","3. 检查 Linux 环境",[16,678,679],{},"安装结束后执行：",[179,681,682],{"className":372,"code":519,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},[26,683,684,690],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,685,686,688],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,687,474],{"class":381},[188,689,385],{"class":384},[188,691,692,694,696,698],{"class":190,"line":197},[188,693,474],{"class":381},[188,695,416],{"class":384},[188,697,420],{"class":419},[188,699,385],{"class":384},[16,701,702],{},"看到 Python 3 和 pip 的版本信息，说明基础环境已经可用。",[12,704,705],{"id":705},"常见问题",[97,707,709],{"id":708},"windows-提示python-不是内部或外部命令","Windows 提示“python 不是内部或外部命令”",[16,711,712,713,716],{},"先关闭当前命令提示符并重新打开，再执行 ",[26,714,715],{},"python --version","。如果仍然失败，按下面的顺序检查：",[718,719,720,726,729],"ol",{},[127,721,722,723,725],{},"执行 ",[26,724,431],{},"，确认 Python Launcher 是否可用。",[127,727,728],{},"在 Windows 的“已安装的应用”中确认 Python 已经安装。",[127,730,731],{},"重新运行官方安装程序，选择修改安装，并启用将 Python 加入 PATH 的选项。",[16,733,734],{},"不要仅为解决命令问题而从非官方网站重新下载 Python。",[97,736,738],{"id":737},"macos-或-linux-提示python-command-not-found","macOS 或 Linux 提示“python: command not found”",[16,740,741],{},"先尝试：",[179,743,744],{"className":372,"code":467,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},[26,745,746],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,747,748,750],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,749,474],{"class":381},[188,751,385],{"class":384},[16,753,754,755,757,758,760,761,133],{},"在这两个系统中，只有 ",[26,756,474],{}," 命令而没有 ",[26,759,183],{}," 命令通常是正常情况。本系列在 macOS 和 Linux 上统一使用 ",[26,762,474],{},[97,764,766],{"id":765},"python-有版本输出但-pip-不可用","Python 有版本输出，但 pip 不可用",[16,768,769],{},"先使用模块方式检查：",[179,771,773],{"className":372,"code":772,"language":374,"meta":184,"style":184},"python3 -m pip --version\n",[26,774,775],{"__ignoreMap":184},[188,776,777,779,781,783],{"class":190,"line":191},[188,778,474],{"class":381},[188,780,416],{"class":384},[188,782,420],{"class":419},[188,784,385],{"class":384},[16,786,787,788,790,791,793,794,796,797,800],{},"Windows 用户将命令中的 ",[26,789,474],{}," 换成 ",[26,792,183],{}," 或 ",[26,795,289],{},"。Linux 用户如果仍然提示缺少 pip，可以通过当前发行版的包管理器安装 ",[26,798,799],{},"python3-pip","；不要直接使用其他系统的安装命令。",[802,803,804],"style",{},"html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: 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.sU2Wk{--shiki-default:#9ECBFF}",{"title":184,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":806},[807,808,809,814,819,824],{"id":14,"depth":197,"text":14},{"id":32,"depth":197,"text":32},{"id":94,"depth":197,"text":95,"children":810},[811,812,813],{"id":99,"depth":203,"text":100},{"id":162,"depth":203,"text":163},{"id":357,"depth":203,"text":358},{"id":456,"depth":197,"text":457,"children":815},[816,817,818],{"id":460,"depth":203,"text":461},{"id":486,"depth":203,"text":487},{"id":512,"depth":203,"text":513},{"id":546,"depth":197,"text":547,"children":820},[821,822,823],{"id":553,"depth":203,"text":554},{"id":583,"depth":203,"text":584},{"id":675,"depth":203,"text":676},{"id":705,"depth":197,"text":705,"children":825},[826,827,828],{"id":708,"depth":203,"text":709},{"id":737,"depth":203,"text":738},{"id":765,"depth":203,"text":766},"Python",null,"md",{},true,"\u002Fposts\u002F20260717\u002Fpython-environment-installation",false,"2026-07-17",{"title":7,"description":184},"python-environment-installation","posts\u002F20260717\u002Fpython-environment-installation","面向准备学习 Python 和爬虫的零基础读者，介绍 Windows、macOS 与常见 Linux 发行版的 Python 安装方法，并通过版本和 pip 命令检查环境是否可用。",[829,842,843],"环境搭建","爬虫入门","6ciM6bghi-2Tk9agCJQztrn1HhlqHkQU2IVXJgO6CZg",1786789895587]